Assistant Morning 18C2024 01-12-2024

Shahabuddin Ghauri (Muhammad Ghori) was not killed in a battle, but was assassinated.

He was killed by a member of the Khokhar tribe.

   Additional Key Points for Exams:

•   Year of assassination: 1206 AD
•   Place: On his way back to Ghazni, near the Indus River
•   Killed by: Khokhars, a tribal group in the Punjab region, who had previously rebelled against his rule.

         All-India Muslim League :

• The All-India Muslim League was founded on 30 December 1906.
• Place: Dhaka (now in Bangladesh), at the Ahsan Manzil Palace during the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference.
• Key Founders/Leaders:
  • Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka (Host & Proposer)
  • Aga Khan III (First president)
  • Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk
  • Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk

1. Full Name: Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl of Burma
2. Position: Last Viceroy of British India
   Tenure Start: 22 March 1947 (arrival in India as Viceroy)
   Tenure End: 15 August 1947 (India and Pakistan gained independence)
   Duration: Almost 5 months
3. Role: Last Viceroy of British India
4. Arrival in India: 22 March 1947
5. Mission / Objectives:
   • Oversee British withdrawal from India
   • Mediate Hindu-Muslim communal tensions
   • Plan administrative arrangements for independent India and Pakistan
6. Context:
   • Communal riots and political unrest were widespread
   • Urgent need to ensure peaceful transfer of power
7. Key Achievements:
   • Supervised Partition of India
   • Drafted Indian Independence Act 1947
   • Became first Governor-General of independent India (15 Aug 1947 – 21 June 1948)
8. Significance:
   • His arrival marked the beginning of the end of British colonial rule in India
   • Ensured India and Pakistan gained independence on 15 August 1947

Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan :-

1. Name: Liaquat Ali Khan (1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951), (First Prime Minister of Pakistan).Tenure: 15 August 1947 – 16 October 1951. Duration: 4 years, 2 months, 1 day. 
2. Date: 16 October 1951. 
3. Place: Company Bagh, Rawalpindi (later renamed Liaquat Bagh in his honor).
4. Event: He was addressing a large public gathering (political rally) when attacked.
5. Assassin: Said Akbar Babrak, an Afghan national.
6. Method: Shot twice in the chest with a pistol.
7. Death: He was taken to hospital but died the same day.
8. Note :
   • The park where he was killed was renamed Liaquat Bagh.
   • He was buried in Karachi, near Quaid-e-Azam’s mausoleum.
   • He is remembered as “Shaheed-e-Millat” (Martyr of the Nation).

1. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan. Abdul Jabbar Khan  (born 1883, Utmanzai, Charsadda – 9 May 1958, Lahore).
2. West Pakistan Province was created on 14 October 1955 under the One Unit Scheme, merging Punjab, NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Sindh, and Balochistan into a single province.
3. Capital of West Pakistan: The capital of West Pakistan was Karachi (1955–1965), then Lahore (1965), and finally Islamabad (1965–1970).
4. Purpose: To create balance with East Pakistan, which was a single province.
5. West Pakistan existed from 1955 to 1970, after which it was dissolved.West Pakistan was dissolved on July 1, 1970, under the Legal Framework Order of 1970 enacted by President Yahya Khan(Born: February 4, 1917, Chakwal
   Died: August 10, 1980 (age 63 years), Rawalpindi), which ended the "One Unit Policy" and restored the previous provincial structure of Pakistan.Islamabad officially became the capital of Pakistan on August 14, 1967.
6. The first Governor of West Pakistan was Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani, who served from October 14, 1955, to August 27, 1957. He was also 3rd Minister of Interior (26 November 1951 – 24 October 1954).

     The One Unit Scheme in West Pakistan was abolished on 1 July 1970.

    Key Details:

1. Introduced: 14 October 1955 (under Governor General Iskander Mirza).
2. Purpose: To merge the four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Balochistan) and princely states of West Pakistan into one province, balancing East and West Pakistan.
3. Opposition: Faced strong resistance, especially from smaller provinces (Sindh, Balochistan, NWFP).
4. Abolished: 1 July 1970, by President General Yahya Khan through the Legal Framework Order (LFO) 1970.
5. Result: West Pakistan was dissolved, and the four original provinces were restored

 Timeline of One Unit Abolition

1. March 1970:
   • President General Yahya Khan announced in March 1970 through the Legal Framework Order (LFO) that the One Unit system would be abolished.
   • This was the declaration/announcement date, not the actual dissolution.
2. 1 July 1970:
   • The One Unit Scheme was officially dissolved.
   • The four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Balochistan) were restored as separate entities.

     Exam-Style Clarification:

• Announced (Declaration): March 1970
• Actually Abolished (Implementation): 1 July 1970

     So if the exam asks:

• “When was One Unit abolished?” → 1 July 1970 (Correct date of abolition)
• “When was the abolition announced?” → March 1970.

   France–Pakistan Nuclear Reprocessing Plant Agreement

       Background

1. India’s Nuclear Test (1974):
   • India tested its first nuclear device, “Smiling Buddha”, in May 1974.
   • This alarmed Pakistan, as both countries were rivals after the 1971 war and the separation of East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
2. Pakistan’s Response:
   •  9th PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto President: Born: 5 Jan 1928, Larkana
     Died: 4 Apr 1979, Rawalpindi Jail (executed) 1971–1973 ,9th PM:( 1973–1977) ,declared that Pakistan would also develop nuclear capability.
   • Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was the 4th President of Pakistan (1971–1973).
   • He famously said: “We will eat grass, even go hungry, but we will get one of our own [atomic bomb].”

    Agreement with France

•   Year: 1976
•   Details:
  • Pakistan signed an agreement with France to set up a Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plant.
  • The plant would be able to reprocess spent nuclear fuel and separate plutonium, which is usable for making nuclear weapons.
  • Location: Chashma, Punjab (Pakistan).

    International Reaction

• The U.S. and Western powers feared that Pakistan could use the plant for nuclear weapons production.
• Pressure from the U.S. (President Jimmy Carter’s administration) led France to reconsider.
• In 1978, France withdrew from the deal, citing non-proliferation concerns.

    Outcome for Pakistan

1. Although the physical plant was never delivered, the agreement gave Pakistan:
   • Technical knowledge about reprocessing technology.
   • Contacts with international nuclear experts.
   • The confidence to develop indigenous facilities.
2. Pakistan’s nuclear program continued secretly under Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan (A.Q. Khan) and the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL).
3. Finally, Pakistan achieved nuclear weapons capability by 1984 (cold tests) and conducted its first nuclear tests on 28 May 1998.

    Exam-Ready Summary

• Agreement Signed: 1976 (Pakistan–France Nuclear Reprocessing Plant deal).
• Cancelled: 1978 under U.S. pressure.
• Impact: Pakistan gained vital knowledge, boosting its indigenous nuclear program.

General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan

• Tenure as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army: 18 September 1966 – 20 December 1971, The 5th Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army was General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (1966–1971). 
• He succeeded General Muhammad Musa Khan (1958–1966).
• Later became the 3rd President of Pakistan (1969–1971) after forcing Ayub Khan to resign.

  Important Points for Exams

• In 1970 → Yahya Khan was both Army Chief & President of Pakistan.
• He held General Elections of 1970, the first general elections in Pakistan’s history.
• His era ended after the 1971 war with India and the separation of East Pakistan (Bangladesh).